马克思对作为一种生产方式的资本主义所导致的社会不公的观察,以及对德国古典哲学的传承和政治经济学研究,直接催生了他的意识形态批判理论。其后形成了西方马克思主义、法兰克福学派,东欧新马克思主义,还有后马克思主义和后现代社会批判理论开枝散叶的局面。批判的内容,无论是从剩余价值理论所掩盖的剥削真相到生产导致的“异化”;还是从商品异化到文化工业所塑造的单向度的人;或是从工具理性所导致的科技意识形态化到人的原子化存在方式,都围绕着一个核心,那就是作为一种生产方式的资本主义,取道“工具理性”,逐渐异化与裹挟科技成为一种意识形态;逐渐物化人的本性将人变成一件商品;逐渐侵蚀公共领域的主体间性和交往属性;以及逐渐风蚀和压缩人文领域和人的感性世界。本文欲通过马克思意识形态批判理论形成期的核心文本梳理为例,让社会批判中的“异化”与“理性”相互联系、融合与对立的状况自然浮现和清晰化。从而为现代性状况下的理性的批判与重建逻辑研究贡献涓滴之力。Marx’s observations on the social injustices caused by capitalism as a mode of production, along with his inheritance of German classical philosophy and his research in political economy, directly gave rise to his theory of ideological critique. This theory subsequently inspired Western Marxism, the Frankfurt School, Eastern European Neo-Marxism, Post-Marxism, and Postmodern social critique theories, creating a rich and diverse intellectual landscape. The critiques range from the exploitation concealed by the theory of surplus value to the alienation produced by modes of production;from commodity alienation to the one-dimensional individuals shaped by the culture industry;from the ideological transformation of science and technology via instrumental rationality to the atomized existence of individuals. At their core lies the
