BACKGROUND Liver transplantation aims to increase the survival of patients with end-stage liver diseases and improve their quality of life.The number of organs available for transplantation is lower than the demand.To provide fair organ distribution,predictive mortality scores have been developed.AIM To compare the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV(APACHE IV),balance of risk(BAR),and model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)scores as predictors of mortality.METHODS Retrospective cohort study,which included 283 adult patients in the postoperative period of deceased donor liver transplantation from 2014 to 2018.RESULTS The transplant recipients were mainly male,with a mean age of 58.1 years.Donors were mostly male,with a mean age of 41.6 years.The median cold ischemia time was 3.1 hours,and the median intensive care unit stay was 5 days.For APACHE IV,a mean of 59.6 was found,BAR 10.7,and MELD 24.2.The 28-day mortality rate was 9.5%,and at 90 days,it was 3.5%.The 28-day mortality prediction for APACHE IV was very good[area under the curve(AUC):0.85,P<0.001,95%CI:0.76-0.94],P<0.001,BAR(AUC:0.70,P<0.001,95%CI:0.58–0.81),and MELD(AUC:0.66,P<0.006,95%CI:0.55-0.78),P<0.008.At 90 days,the data for APACHE IV were very good(AUC:0.80,P<0.001,95%CI:0.71–0.90)and moderate for BAR and MELD,respectively,(AUC:0.66,P<0.004,95%CI:0.55–0.77),(AUC:0.62,P<0.026,95%CI:0.51–0.72).All showed good discrimination between deaths and survivors.As for the best value for liver transplantation,it was significant only for APACHE IV(P<0.001).CONCLUSION The APACHE IV assessment score was more accurate than BAR and MELD in predicting mortality in deceased donor liver transplant recipients.
Copper is a transition metal and an essential element for the organism,as alterations in its homeostasis leading to metal accumulation or deficiency have pathological effects in several organs,including the central nervous system.Central copper dysregulations have been evidenced in two genetic disorders characterized by mutations in the copper-ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B,Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease,respectively,and also in multifactorial neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and multiple sclerosis.This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of copper in central nervous system physiology and pathology,reports about unbalances in copper levels and/or distribution under disease,describes relevant animal models for human disorders where copper metabolism genes are dysregulated,and discusses relevant therapeutic approaches modulating copper availability.Overall,alterations in copper metabolism may contribute to the etiology of central nervous system disorders and represent relevant therapeutic targets to restore tissue homeostasis.
The preceding parts of the review concerned kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment, ergometry, systemic responses and adaptations. Main teachings of this third part of the whole review follow. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Game, most vitamin users (91 percent) were boxers. After 18 days of endurance training at the altitude of 1800 m, in boxers, 1) erythropoietin and reticulocytes values increased, 2) remained unchanged parameters of iron metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake values, 3) iron supplementation decreased total body hemoglobin values. Zinc supplementation and/or regularity while boxing influenced plasma levels of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc in boxers. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased punches frequency and time to fatigue in boxers. Boxing-induced thermal dehydration yielded 1) body and muscle masses decrease compensated by increased neural input to muscle, to maintain muscle strength, but 2) a 26.8 percent performance fall. In boxers, fluid and food intake restriction 1) changed neither blood vitamin status nor plasma glutathione levels, 2) yielded a) a negative mood profile and a performance decrease, when resulted in body mass fall by 5.16 percent but b) no performance decrease when fall was by three percent. Diet protein or protein and caloric components decrease increased, in boxers, protein catabolism and, for the same submaximal workload, heart rate and oxygen intake. In food-restricted boxers, myoprotein catabolism increased with decreasing meal intake frequency. Competition and no-competition boxers utilize massage. Massage increased perceptions of recovery after a whole boxing performance. High level of cardiorespiratory fitness accelerates recovery process between boxing rounds.
The short neuropeptide F(sNPF)family of peptides is a multifunctional group of neurohormones involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in insects.They have been found in a broad spectrum of species,but the number of isoforms in the precursor molecule varies from one to four.The receptor for sNPF(sNPFR),which belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family,has been characterized in various insect orders and was shown to be an ortholog of the mammalian prolactin-releasing peptide receptor(PrPR).The sNPF signaling pathway interacts with other neurohormones such as insulin-like peptides,SIFamide,and pigment-dispersing factors(PDFs)to regulate various processes.The main physiological function of sNPF seems to be involved in the regulation of feeding,but the observed effects are species-specific.sNPF is also connected with the regulation of foraging behavior and the olfactory system.The influence of sNPF on feeding and thus energy metabolism may also indirectly affect other vital processes,such as reproduction and development.In addition,these neurohormones are involved in the regulation of locomotor activity and circadian rhythm in insects.This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the sNPF system in insects.
Marcin CHOLEWINSKISzymon CHOWANSKIJan LUBAWYArkadiusz URBANSKIKarolina WALKOWIAK-NOWICKAPaweł MARCINIAK
